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The Greek language has contributed to the English vocabulary in five main ways: * vernacular borrowings, transmitted through Vulgar Latin directly into Old English ''e.g.'' 'butter' (Old English ''butere'' < Latin ''butyrum'' < βούτυρον), or through French, ''e.g.'' 'ochre'. * learned borrowings from classical Greek, ''e.g.'' 'physics' (< Latin ''physica'' < Greek τὰ φυσικά); * a few borrowings via Arabic scientific and philosophical writing, ''e.g.'' 'alchemy' (< χημεία); * coinages in post-classical Latin or modern languages using classical Greek roots, ''e.g.'' 'telephone' (< τῆλε + φωνή) or a mixture of Greek and other roots, ''e.g.'' 'television' (< Greek τῆλε + English 'vision' < Latin ''visio''); these are often shared among the modern European languages, including Modern Greek; * direct borrowings from Modern Greek, ''e.g.'' ''bouzouki''. The post-classical coinages are by far the most numerous of these. ==Indirect and direct borrowings== Since the living Greek and English languages were not in direct contact until modern times, borrowings were necessarily indirect, coming either through Latin (through texts or various vernaculars), or from Ancient Greek texts, not the living language. Some Greek words were borrowed into Latin and its descendants, the Romance languages. English often received these words from French. Their phonetic and orthographic form has sometimes changed considerably. For instance, ''place'' was borrowed both by Old English and by French from Latin ''platea'', itself borrowed from Greek πλατεία (ὁδός) 'broad (street)'; the Italian ''piazza'' and Spanish ''plaza'' have the same origin, and have been borrowed into English in parallel. The word ''olive'' comes through the Romance from the Latin word ''olīva'', which in turn comes from the Greek (''elaíwā'').〔This must have been an early borrowing, since the Latin ''v'' reflects a still-pronounced digamma; the earliest attested form of it is the Mycenaean Greek , ''e-ra-wa'' (transliterated as "elava"), attested in Linear B syllabic script. (See (''e-ra-wa'' ), Mycenaean (Linear B) - English Glossary''.) The Greek word was in turn apparently borrowed from a pre-Indo-European Mediterranean substrate; ''cf.'' Greek substrate language.〕〔( Palaeolexicon ), Word study tool of ancient languages〕 A later Greek word, (''boútȳron'')〔Carl Darling Buck, ''A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages'' (ISBN 0-226-07937-6) notes that the word has the form of a compound βοΰς + τυρός 'cow-cheese', possibly a calque from Scythian, or possibly an adaptation of a native Scythian word.〕 becomes Latin ''butyrum'' and eventually English 'butter'. A large group of early borrowings, again transmitted first through Latin, then through various vernaculars, comes from Christian vocabulary: ''chair'' << καθέδρα (''cf.'' 'cathedra'), ''bishop'' << ἐπίσκοπος (''epískopos'' 'overseer'), ''priest'' << πρεσβύτερος (''presbýteros'' 'elder'), and ''church'' < Old English ''cirice'', ''circe'' < probably κυριακή () (''kȳriakḗ ()'' 'lord's ()').〔(church ), on Oxford Dictionaries〕 In some cases, the orthography of these words was later changed to reflect the Greek – and Latin – spelling: ''e.g.'' ''quire'' was respelled as ''choir'' in the 17th century. Many more words were borrowed by scholars writing in Medieval and Renaissance Latin. Some words were borrowed in essentially their original meaning, often transmitted through classical Latin: ''topic'', ''type'', ''physics'', ''iambic'', ''eta'', ''necromancy''. A few result from scribal errors: ''encyclopedia'' < ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία 'the circle of learning', not a compound in Greek; ''acne'' (skin condition) < erroneous ἀκνή < ἀκμή 'high point, acme'. Some kept their Latin form, ''e.g.'' ''podium'' < πόδιον. Others were borrowed unchanged as technical terms, but with specific, novel meanings: ''telescope'' < τηλεσκόπος 'far-seeing' refers to an optical instrument for seeing far away; ''phlogiston'' < φλογιστόν 'burnt thing' is a supposed fire-making potential. But by far the largest Greek contribution to English vocabulary is the huge number of scientific, medical, and technical neologisms that have been coined by compounding Greek roots and affixes to produce novel words which never existed in the Greek language: ''utopia'' (1516, οὐ 'not' + τόπος 'place'), ''zoology'' (1669, ζῷον + λογία), ''hydrodynamics'' (1738, ὕδωρ + δυναμικός), ''photography'' (1834, φῶς + γραφικός), ''oocyte'' (1895, ᾠόν + κύτος), ''helicobacter'' (1989, ἕλιξ + βακτήριον). Such terms are coined in all the European languages, and spread to the others freely—including to Modern Greek. Traditionally, these coinages were constructed using only Greek morphemes, ''e.g.'' ''metamathematics'', but increasingly, Greek, Latin, and other morphemes are combined, as in ''television'' (Greek τῆλε + Latin ''vision''), ''metalinguistic'' (Greek μετά + Latin ''lingua'' + Greek -ιστής + Greek -ικος), and ''garbology'' (English ''garbage'' + Greek -ολογία). These hybrid words were formerly considered to be 'barbarisms'. Many Greek affixes such as ''anti-'' and ''-ic'' have become productive in English, combining with arbitrary English words: ''antichoice'', ''Fascistic''. Most learned borrowings and coinages follow the classical Latin Romanization system, where 'c' represents κ, rough breathings are written as 'h', ''etc.'', with a few exceptions: ''eureka'' (''cf.'' ''heuristic''), ''kinetic'' (''cf.'' ''cinematography''), ''krypton'' (''cf.'' ''cryptic''). In the 19th and 20th centuries, a few learned words and phrases were introduced using a transliteration of Ancient Greek (rather than the traditional Latin-based spelling and morphology or dropped inflectional endings), ''e.g.'' ''nous'' (νοῦς), ''hoi polloi'' (οἱ πολλοί), ''kudos'' (κύδος). Some Greek words were borrowed through Arabic and then Romance: ''alchemy'' (χημεία or χημία), ''elixir'' (ξήριον), ''alembic'' (ἄμβιξ), ''botargo'' (ᾠοτάριχον), and possibly ''quintal'' (κεντηνάριον < Latin ''centenarium (pondus)''). Curiously, ''chemist'' appears to be a back-formation from ''alchemist''. Some Greek words have given rise to etymological doublets, being borrowed both through an organic, indirect route, and a learned, direct route into English: ''anthem'' and ''antiphon'' (ἀντίφωνα), ''frantic'' and ''frenetic'' (φρενετικός), ''butter'' and ''butyr(ic)'' (βούτυρον), ''bishop'' and ''episcop(al)'' (ἐπίσκοπος), ''balm'' and ''balsam'' (βάλσαμον, probably itself a borrowing from Semitic), ''blame'' and ''blasphemy'' (βλάσφημος), ''box'' and ''pyx(is)'' (πυξίς), ''chair'' and ''cathedra(l)'' (καθέδρα), ''choir'' and ''chorus'' (χορός), ''trivet'' and ''tripod'' (τρίπους/τρίποδ-), ''slander'' and ''scandal'' (σκάνδαλον), ''oil'', ''olive'', ''oleum'', and ''elaeo-'' (ἔλαιον); ''almond'' and ''amygdala'' (ἀμυγδάλη); ''dram'' and ''drachma'' (δραχμή), also dirhem via Arabic; ''paper'' and ''papyrus'' (πάπυρος); ''carat'' and ''keratin'' (κέρας, κέρατ-).〔Walter William Skeat, ''A Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language'', "List of Doublets", p. 599ff ((full text ))〕〔Oxford English Dictionary〕 ''Parable'' and ''parabola'' (from παραβολή) are like this, but in addition, doublets in Romance give rise to ''palaver'', ''parol'', and ''parole''.〔Oxford English Dictionary, ''s.vv.''〕 Finally, with the growth of tourism, some words reflecting modern Greek culture have been borrowed into English—many of them originally borrowings into Greek themselves: ''retsina'', ''souvlaki'', ''taverna'' (< Italian), ''ouzo'' (disputed etymology), ''moussaka'' (< Turkish < Arabic), ''baklava'' (< Turkish), ''feta'' (< Italian), ''bouzouki'' (< Turkish), ''gyro'' (the food, a calque of Turkish ''döner''). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「English words of Greek origin」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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